Uzročnik je bakterija po imenu
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, koja se i inače nalazi u organizmu zdravih
svinja i to u tonzilama i u jednom dijelu crijeva, a da bi bolest nastala
mora pasti opća otpornost organizma.
Za to su potrebi tzv. pogodovni čimbenici kao što su velike vrućine, nagle
temperaturne promjene, nagle promjene tlaka zraka, svaka promjena hrane,
stres tijekom transporta itd. Iako vrbanac ubrajamo u zarazne bolesti, ne
radi se o kontagioznoj zarazi, što znači da ukoliko oboli jedna svinja u
uzgoju, ostale svinje mogu i nemoraju oboliti.
Vrbanac je jedna od najpoznatijih zaraznih bolesti i gotovo da nema seoskog
dvorišta gdje barem jednom nije neka svinja oboljela od ove bolesti.
Za ovu bolest je karakteristično da nastupa naglo, što znači da je životinja
normalno jela ujutro, a uvečer već odbija hranu. Ubrzo se na površini kože
pojave očarice (u narodu zvane fleke), koje su crveno ljubičaste boje,
nepravilnog kvadratičastog ili rombodoidnog oblika. Ako takve očarice pipamo
prstima osjeti se da su one za 1-2 mm uzdginute od okolnog tkiva.
Svinja postaje apatična, leži ili se zakapa u stelju. Tjelesna temperatura
je uvijek znatno povišena. U novije vrijeme se kao rezultat prilagodbe
uzročnika javlja i tzv. bijeli vrbanac, kojeg karakterizira klinička slika
bez pojave očarica. Ukoliko se vrbanac ne liječi, svinja može uginuti za
nekoliko dana, a ukoliko ne dođe do uginuća, bolest prelazi u tzv. kronični
tijek kojeg karakteriziraju teške upale zglobova, zatim odumiranje i
otpadanje pojedinih dijelova kože ili zatajenje srca zbog oštećenja srčanih
zalistaka.
Sva je sreća u tome da se vrbanac liječi sa 100% uspješnosti, jer za to
postoje veoma efikasni lijekovi. Osim toga svinje se po želji vlasnika mogu
zaštititi i cijepljenjem, koje tijekom nekoliko mjeseci pruža solidnu
zaštitu. Veoma je važno naglasiti da se svinja oboljela od vrbanca nesmije
klati, jer prilikom klanja i obrade uzročnik u velikim količinama
kontaminira okolinu, a ljudi u dodiru s krvlju i mesom također mogu oboliti.
Vrbanac u čovjeka se također uspješno liječi, ali unatoč toj činjenici
bolest je u ljudi veoma neugodna i ukoliko se na vrijeme ne započne
liječenje može ostaviti teže posljedice.
Manje je poznata činjenica da od vrbanca, iako rijetko mogu oboliti i druge
životinje, pa i čovjek (česta je profesionalna bolest mesara i veterinara).
Description Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was first isolated by Koch in 1876. In the
genus Erysipelothrix - E. rhusiopathiae used to be the only named species, but
now a non-pathogenic species E.tonsillarum has been identified based upon
biochemical and genetic analyses.
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a pathogenic micro-organism which can infect a
wide variety (over 50 species) of animals including vertebrates and
non-vertebrates, from house flies to wild bears. It is especially common in
domesticated pigs which can carry the organism and excrete it in their faeces
without showing any external signs of infection, and a source of infection to
humans are fish and marine animals.
Cause
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is a non-motile, gram positive, nonsporulating rod
and it is a facultative anaerobe. Growth of this organism is improved by 5-10%
CO2. This micro-organism occurs in a variety of configurations including short
chains, in pairs, in a "V" configuration and in random groups. Virulence varies
between different strains of this organisms, so-called "smooth" strains are
pathogenic but "rough" forms are not.
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae usually enters its host through scratches or
puncture wounds on the surface of the skin. The organism is resistant in the
environment, and it is likely to be found in faecally contaminated environments,
especially sewage and soil.
Breed Occurrence
Over 50 species of animals may be infected with this organism, but it is
especially common in domesticated pigs. Adult pigs, and especially nursing sows,
are more susceptible than others.
Signs
Four forms of the clinical effects of this organism (a disease called Swine
Erysipelas) have been identified in pigs, and they occur worldwide :
An acute form - septicaemia, fever, anorexia, diarrhoea, cyanosis and death
A subacute uriticarial form - diamond-shaped skin lesions, alopecia, sloughing
of tail tip and ear tips, hyperkeratosis
A chronic non-suppurative arthritic form
A chronic cardiac form.- vegetative endocarditis
In sheep and lambs, and cattle Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causes joint
infection (called Joint Ill).
In birds (Ducks and Turkeys) the disease causes sudden deaths due to septicaemia
In fish this organism does not cause disease BUT it grows and persists for long
periods on the body surface which puts those who handle fish at high risk of
contracting this organism.
Human infections are primarily found as a result of occupational hazards such as
those who handle fish or pigs. In humans there are three clinical categories for
the disease caused by this organism:
A localized cutaneous form (most common). Signs are usually a throbbing itching
pain and swelling of the finger or part of hand
A generalized cutaneous form, and
A septicemic form (associated with the heart disease endocarditis).
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is confirmed based upon isolation of the organisms from tissue
biopsies or blood
Treatment
A vaccine is available against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in pigs,
sheep and turkeys
The organism is sensitive to the following antibiotics :
Ampicillin
Penicillin
It is resistant to :
Aminoglycosides
Sulphonamides
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